Molecular characterization of Sarcoptes scabiei and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among internally displaced children in UNHCR Refugee-IDP camp.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25007/ajnu.v11n1a1315Abstract
Scabies is a common dermatological condition, frequently associated with pyoderma especially in warm climatic areas causing the most common dermatological infection worldwide. The indirect health impact of scabies complication, including secondary bacterial infection imposes a major cost on health-care systems particularly among internally displaced children in refugee camps.There is inadequate information concerning the genetic diversity of populations of the scabies mites in humans in Iraq. The objective of this study was to measure the strength of association between pyoderma and scabies in addition to genetic characterization and variation in the DNA sequences of Sarcoptes scabiei and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in internally displaced
Downloads
References
Alaa NH. (2002). Epidemiology of skin diseases in Tikrit and vicinity: a community-based study. M.Sc. thesis, Tikrit University College of Medicine.
Alasaad S, Rossi L, Soriguer RC, Rambozzi L, Soglia D, Pérez JM and Zhu XQ. (2009). Sarcoptes mite from collection to DNA extraction: the lost realm of the neglected parasite. Parasitology Research 104:723–732.
Alberfkani MI and Mero WMS. (2020). The Incidence of Scabies and Head Lice and Their Associated Risk Factors among Displaced People in Cham Mishko Camp, Zakho City, Duhok Province, Iraq, Polish Journal of Microbiology 69(4):463–469.
Aung PTZ, Cuningham W, Hwang K, Andrews RM, Carapetis J and Kearns T. (2018). Scabies and risk of skin sores in remote Australian Aboriginal communities: A self-controlled case series study. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 12(7): e0006668.
Barrow GI and Feltham RKA, editors. (2003). Cowan and Steel’s Manual for the identification of medical bacteria. 3rd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bhat SA, Mounsey KE, Liu X and Walton SF. (2017). Host immune responses to the itch mite, Sarcoptes scabiei, in humans. Parasit Vectors 10(1): 385.
Carapetis JR, Walker AM and Hibble M. (1999). Clinical and epidemiological features of group A streptococcal bacteraemia in a region with hyperendemic superficial streptococcal infection. Epidemiology Infection 122: 59–65.
Choli RR. (2017). The Prevalence of human scabies and its correlation with some factors in Zakho District/Duhok Province /Iraq [dissertation]. Zakho (Iraq): University of Zakho.
CLSI. (2015). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; Twenty-Fifth Informational Supplement. document M100-S25. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.
Currier RW, Walton SF and Currie BJ. (2011). Scabies in animals and humans: history, evolutionary perspectives, and modern clinical management. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1230: E50–60.
Esposito L and Veraldi S. (2018). Skin bacterial colonizations and superinfections in immunocompetent patients with scabies. International journal of dermatology 57(10): 1218–20.
Fain A. (1978). Epidemiological problem of scabies. International Journal of Dermatology 17: 20–30.
Fukuyama S, Nishimura T, Yotsumoto H, Gushi A, Tsuji M, Kanekura T and Matsuyama T. (2010). Diagnostic usefulness of a nested polymerase chain reaction assay for detecting Sarcoptes scabiei DNA in skin scrapings from clinically suspected scabies. British Journal of Dermatology 163: 892–894.
Heudorf U, Krackhardt B, Karathana M, Kleinkauf N and Zinn C. (2016). Multidrug-resistant bacteria in unaccompanied refugee minors arriving in Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Eurosurveillance 21(2): 30109.
Hussein NR, Abdullah IM, Younus OM, Taher AM, Salim AA and Shahab FI. (2017). Prevalence of HBV, HCV and HIV infections among Syrian refugees, Iraq. International Journal of Infection 4(2): e39420.
Lawrence G, Leafasia J and Sheridan J. (2005). Control of scabies, skin sores and haematuria in children in the Solomon Islands: another role for ivermectin. Bull World Health Organ 83: 34–42.
Mahmood SS. (2011). Epidemiology profile of Scabies in Duhok. High Diploma, Duhok University, college of medicine.
McClure JA, Conly JM, Lau V, Elsayed S, Louie T and Hutchins W. (2006). Novel Multiplex PCR Assay for Detection of the Staphylococcal Virulence Marker Panton- Valentine Leukocidin Genes and Simultaneous Discrimination of Methicillin- Susceptible from -Resistant Staphylococci. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 44(3): 1141.
McDonald M, Brown A and Edwards T. (2007). Apparent contrasting rates of pharyngitis and pyoderma in regions where rheumatic heart disease is highly prevalent. Heart Lung and Circulation 16: 254–259.
Rasheed NA, and Hussein N. (2020). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage rate and molecular characterization of the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec among Syrian refugees in Iraq. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 91: 218–222.
Nas S, Chaudhry FR, Rizvi DA and Ismail M. (2018). Genetic characterization of Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis from scabies patients in Pakistan. Tropical Biomedicine 35(3): 796–803.
Naz S, Rizvi DA, Javaid A, Ismail M and Chaudhry FR. (2013). Validation of PCR assay for identification of Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis. Iran Journal of Parasitology 8: 437–440.
Noge K, Mori N, Tanaka C, Nishida R, Tsuda M and Kuwahara. (2005). Identification of astigmatid mites using the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) region and its application for phylogenetic study. Experimental and Applied Acarology 35: 29-46.
Oleaga A, Alasaad S, Rossi L, Casais R, Vicente J, Maione S, Soriguer RC and Gortázar C. (2013). Genetic epidemiology of Sarcoptes scabiei in the Iberian wolf in Asturias, Spain. Veterinary Parasitology 96: 453–459.
Ozaras R, Leblebicioglu H, Sunbul M, Tabak F, Balkan II and Yemisen M. )2016(. The Syrian conflict and infectious diseases. Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy 14(6): 547–55.
Roberts LJ, Huffam SE, Walton SF and Currie BJ. (2005). Crusted scabies: clinical and immunological findings in seventy-eight patients and a review of the literature. Journal of Infection 50: 375–381.
Romani L, Whitfeld MJ and Koroivueta J. (2017). The epidemiology of scabies and impetigo in relation to demographic and residential characteristics: baseline findings from the skin health intervention Fiji trial. American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 97: 845–850.
Steer AC, Jenney AWJ, Kado J, et al. (2009). High burden of impetigo and scabies in a tropical country. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 3: e467.
Stone SP, Goldfarb JN and Bacelieri RE. (2008). Scabies, other mites, and pediculosis. In: Wolf K, Goldsmith LA, Katz SI et al., eds. Fitzpatrick’s Dermatology in General Medicine, 7th edn. McGraw Hill, New York, 2029.
Swe PM and Fischer KA. (2014). Scabies mite serpin interferes with complement-mediated neutrophil functions and promotes staphylococcal growth. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 8(6): e2928.
Swe PM, Christian LD and Lu HC. (2017). Complement inhibition by Sarcoptes scabiei protects Streptococcus pyogenes – an in vitro study to unravel the molecular mechanisms behind the poorly understood predilection of S. pyogenes to infect mite-induced skin lesions. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 11: e0005437.
Swe PM, Zakrzewski M, Kelly A, et al. (2014). Scabies mites alter the skin microbiome and promote growth of opportunistic pathogens in a porcine model. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 8: e2897.
Walter B, Heukelbach J, Fengler G, Worth C, Hengge U and Feldmeier H. (2011). Comparison of dermoscopy, skin scraping, and the adhesive tape test for the diagnosis of scabies in a resource-poor setting. Arch Dermatology 147: 468–473.
Walton SF, Dougall A, Pizzutto S, et al. (2004). Genetic epidemiology of Sarcoptes scabiei (Acari: Sarcoptidae) in northern Australia. International Journal for Parasitology 34: 839–49.
William JL, Radu S and Aziz SA. (2003). Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus carriage by young Malaysian footballers during indoor training. British Journal of Sport Medicine 38(1): 12–14.
Zayyid M, Saadah R, Adil AR, Rohela M and Ibrahim J. (2010). Prevalence of scabies and head lice among children in a welfare home in Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. Tropical biomedicine 27: 442-446.
Zhao Y, Cao ZG, Cheng J, et al. (2015). Population identification of Sarcoptes hominis and Sarcoptes canis in China using DNA sequences. Parasitology Research 114: 1001–10.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Mohammad I. Alberfkani, Wijdan M.S. Mero
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright
The use of a Creative Commons License enables authors/editors to retain copyright to their work. Publications can be reused and redistributed as long as the original author is correctly attributed.
- Copyright
- The researcher(s), whether a single or joint research paper, must sell and transfer to the publisher (the Academic Journal of Nawroz University) through all the duration of the publication which starts from the date of entering this Agreement into force, the exclusive rights of the research paper/article. These rights include the translation, reuse of papers/articles, transmit or distribute, or use the material or parts(s) contained therein to be published in scientific, academic, technical, professional journals or any other periodicals including any other works derived from them, all over the world, in English and Arabic, whether in print or in electronic edition of such journals and periodicals in all types of media or formats now or that may exist in the future. Rights also include giving license (or granting permission) to a third party to use the materials and any other works derived from them and publish them in such journals and periodicals all over the world. Transfer right under this Agreement includes the right to modify such materials to be used with computer systems and software, or to reproduce or publish it in e-formats and also to incorporate them into retrieval systems.
- Reproduction, reference, transmission, distribution or any other use of the content, or any parts of the subjects included in that content in any manner permitted by this Agreement, must be accompanied by mentioning the source which is (the Academic Journal of Nawroz University) and the publisher in addition to the title of the article, the name of the author (or co-authors), journal’s name, volume or issue, publisher's copyright, and publication year.
- The Academic Journal of Nawroz University reserves all rights to publish research papers/articles issued under a “Creative Commons License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction of the paper/article by any means, provided that the original work is correctly cited.
- Reservation of Rights
The researcher(s) preserves all intellectual property rights (except for the one transferred to the publisher under this Agreement).
- Researcher’s guarantee
The researcher(s) hereby guarantees that the content of the paper/article is original. It has been submitted only to the Academic Journal of Nawroz University and has not been previously published by any other party.
In the event that the paper/article is written jointly with other researchers, the researcher guarantees that he/she has informed the other co-authors about the terms of this agreement, as well as obtaining their signature or written permission to sign on their behalf.
The author further guarantees:
- The research paper/article does not contain any defamatory statements or illegal comments.
- The research paper/article does not violate other's rights (including but not limited to copyright, patent, and trademark rights).
This research paper/article does not contain any facts or instructions that could cause damages or harm to others, and publishing it does not lead to disclosure of any confidential information.
