Academic Journal of Nawroz University
https://journals.nawroz.edu.krd/index.php/ajnu
<p><em>Academic Journal of Nawroz University</em> (AJNU) is a quarterly academic journal published by the Nawroz University. AJNU publishes original researches in all areas of Science and Social Science. AJNU is a Peer-Reviewed Open Access journal with Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License 4.0 (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). AJNU provides immediate, worldwide, barrier-free access to the full text of research articles without requiring a subscription to the journal. AJNU applies the highest standards to everything it does and adopts APA citation/referencing style. AJNU Section Policy includes three types of publications; Articles, Review Articles, and Letters. AJNU is a member of the ROAD with e-ISSN: 2520-789X and a member of the Crossref a DOI: 10.25007/issn.2520-789X</p>en-US<h3>Authors retain copyright</h3> <p>The use of a Creative Commons License enables authors/editors to retain copyright to their work. Publications can be reused and redistributed as long as the original author is correctly attributed.</p> <p> </p> <ol> <li>Copyright</li> </ol> <p> </p> <ol> <li>The researcher(s), whether a single or joint research paper, must sell and transfer to the publisher (the Academic Journal of Nawroz University) through all the duration of the publication which starts from the date of entering this Agreement into force, the exclusive rights of the research paper/article. These rights include the translation, reuse of papers/articles, transmit or distribute, or use the material or parts(s) contained therein to be published in scientific, academic, technical, professional journals or any other periodicals including any other works derived from them, all over the world, in English and Arabic, whether in print or in electronic edition of such journals and periodicals in all types of media or formats now or that may exist in the future. Rights also include giving license (or granting permission) to a third party to use the materials and any other works derived from them and publish them in such journals and periodicals all over the world. Transfer right under this Agreement includes the right to modify such materials to be used with computer systems and software, or to reproduce or publish it in e-formats and also to incorporate them into retrieval systems.</li> </ol> <p> </p> <ol start="2"> <li>Reproduction, reference, transmission, distribution or any other use of the content, or any parts of the subjects included in that content in any manner permitted by this Agreement, must be accompanied by mentioning the source which is (the Academic Journal of Nawroz University) and the publisher in addition to the title of the article, the name of the author (or co-authors), journal’s name, volume or issue, publisher's copyright, and publication year.</li> </ol> <p> </p> <ol start="3"> <li>The Academic Journal of Nawroz University reserves all rights to publish research papers/articles issued under a “Creative Commons License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction of the paper/article by any means, provided that the original work is correctly cited.</li> </ol> <p> </p> <ol> <li>Reservation of Rights</li> </ol> <p>The researcher(s) preserves all intellectual property rights (except for the one transferred to the publisher under this Agreement).</p> <ol> <li>Researcher’s guarantee</li> </ol> <p>The researcher(s) hereby guarantees that the content of the paper/article is original. It has been submitted only to the Academic Journal of Nawroz University and has not been previously published by any other party.</p> <p>In the event that the paper/article is written jointly with other researchers, the researcher guarantees that he/she has informed the other co-authors about the terms of this agreement, as well as obtaining their signature or written permission to sign on their behalf.</p> <p>The author further guarantees:</p> <ul> <li>The research paper/article does not contain any defamatory statements or illegal comments.</li> <li>The research paper/article does not violate other's rights (including but not limited to copyright, patent, and trademark rights).</li> </ul> <p>This research paper/article does not contain any facts or instructions that could cause damages or harm to others, and publishing it does not lead to disclosure of any confidential information.</p> <p hidden="true"><a href="https://journals.nawroz.edu.krd/Copyright%20Transfer Agreement.docx"><strong>Copyright Transfer Agreement</strong></a></p>[email protected] (Asst. Prof. Dr. Mohammed Hasan Khamo)[email protected] (saman almufti)Wed, 31 Jan 2024 09:25:36 +0000OJS 3.2.1.2http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss60The Impact of Strategic Agility in Achieving Strategic Reputation: A Study of the Opinions of a Sample of Academic Leaders at The Universities of Newroz and Ceyhan/Dohuk
https://journals.nawroz.edu.krd/index.php/ajnu/article/view/1112
<p>This study seeks to shed light on the role of strategic agility in achieving a strategic reputation for private universities in Dohuk Governorate, as they are among the important service institutions that have a fundamental role in serving society and which face many challenges as a result of continuous and rapid environmental changes. Therefore, adopting modern management concepts in achieving reputation The strategy can help it face these challenges and achieve what it aspires to. The requirements for strategic agility were chosen: (speed of response, flexibility in providing services, ability to exploit opportunities, strategic innovation) to determine their role in achieving the strategic reputation of the universities studied. The questionnaire was adopted as a tool for obtaining data for the study, as the sample included (98) individuals distributed at several administrative and scientific levels (university presidents, their assistants, deans of colleges, and heads of administrative and scientific departments of the universities investigated). To test the validity of the hypotheses and answer the study’s questions, the descriptive analytical method was used. The study reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is that if universities want to achieve a good strategic reputation in the sector in which they operate, they should focus on adopting the four requirements, as this helps them improve the speed of their response and then adapt them to developments in the environment and exploit opportunities to provide what is unique and thus achieve the strategic reputation that Aiming to achieve it. The study concluded with a number of proposals, the most important of which are: the necessity of enhancing the adoption of strategic agility with its aforementioned requirements in private universities in Dohuk Governorate to achieve a strategic reputation.</p>Rondik Salih Zakar, Hikmat Rashid Sultan
Copyright (c) 2024 Academic Journal of Nawroz University
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https://journals.nawroz.edu.krd/index.php/ajnu/article/view/1112Thu, 08 Feb 2024 00:00:00 +0000Energy Efficiency in Wireless Body Area Network Using Various Radios
https://journals.nawroz.edu.krd/index.php/ajnu/article/view/1081
<p>Abstract</p> <p> Wireless Body Sensor Networks (WBSNs) promote continuous and low-cost health monitoring for a better healthcare system. Sensors connected to a human body are normally battery powered devices with brief life times. IEEE 802.15.6 standard is the typical choice for low power ingestion and reliable short-range communication for WBSNs. In this paper, we have evaluated the performance of IEEE 802.15.6 standard for WBSNs. Our tests examined three radios while varying their transmission power and data rates. The results show that altering these parameters affected the number of packets delivered and overall system energy consumption. The effects are demonstrated using Omnet++ simulator and its Castalia extension for WBANs.</p>Rezheen R. Hussein, Ismail A. Ali
Copyright (c) 2024 Academic Journal of Nawroz University
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https://journals.nawroz.edu.krd/index.php/ajnu/article/view/1081Thu, 08 Feb 2024 00:00:00 +0000The Geography of Bahdinan, the Historical Impact, and the Cultural Depth between 1550-612 BC. M
https://journals.nawroz.edu.krd/index.php/ajnu/article/view/1386
<p>The area currently called “Bahdinan” is merely a geographical framework of a region that witnessed very ancient historical events. However, the term Bahdinan is directly related to the Emirate of Bahdinan, which was founded in the fourteenth century AD. This term was used to indicate the geographical borders to talk about the content of the search for the civilization of the region, and this term is applied today to the Dohuk Governorate, but with a wider geographical area than what is known now, because the geographical borders of the Dohuk Governorate were drawn in the year 1969, but the geographical concept of the Bahdinan region is more than that. .</p>Kovan Ihsan Yassin, Aziz Muhammad Amin Zebari
Copyright (c) 2024 Academic Journal of Nawroz University
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https://journals.nawroz.edu.krd/index.php/ajnu/article/view/1386Thu, 08 Feb 2024 00:00:00 +0000 Translation Difficulties Encounteted by Translation Students at University Level
https://journals.nawroz.edu.krd/index.php/ajnu/article/view/1871
<p>This paper seeks to identify various difficulties that translation students face during the translation process. The data for this descriptive qualitative and quantitative study came from students’ verbalizing their translation loudly. The participants in the study were five fourth-year students from the Department of Translation, University of Duhok who voluntarily participated to translate two texts (literary and non-literary) from English into Kurdish. Any use of resources was permitted, and think-aloud protocols, as a research tool was used to collect the data. The experiment recordings, and verbal reports produced by the participants were used to analyze the data. According to the study's findings, translation students had several difficulties within the process, including translating words with no equivalents, comprehending the figurative language (simile), translating cultural-specific items, struggling with the style of the given text, putting ideas together, relating background knowledge to the text at hand, choosing the right equivalent, and confusing between the two Kurdish dialects (Sorani and Kurmanji). The findings recommend additional research to look at potential solutions to such difficulties. The study's findings led to conclusions that have ramifications for theory and practice. The summary of the major translation difficulties demonstrates the theoretical value of the study. It was also found out that the difficulty of translation is not always anticipated and is not always conceptually explicable.</p> Zainab Mohammed Al-Mufti , Alya’ Mohammed Hussein Ahmed Al-Rubai’I
Copyright (c) 2024 Academic Journal of Nawroz University
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https://journals.nawroz.edu.krd/index.php/ajnu/article/view/1871Mon, 12 Feb 2024 00:00:00 +0000A Recognition and Classification of Fruit Images Using Texture Feature Extraction and Machine Learning Algorithms
https://journals.nawroz.edu.krd/index.php/ajnu/article/view/1514
<p>Fruits classification is demanded in some fields, such as industrial agriculture. Automatic fruit classification from their digital image plays a vital role in those fields. The classification encounters several challenges due to capturing fruits’ images from different viewing angle, rotation, and illumination pose. In this paper a framework for recognition and classification of fruits from their images have been proposed depending on texture features, the proposed system rely on three phases; firstly, pre-processing, as images need to be resized, filtered, color convert, and threshold in order to create a fruit mask which is used for fruit’s region of interest segmentation; followed by two methods for texture features extraction, first method utilize Local Binary Pattern (LBP), while the second method uses Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to generate features vector for each fruit image. Classification is the last phase; two supervised machine learning algorithms; K-Nearest Neighbor (K-NN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) are utilized to identity and recognize the fruits images classes. Both methods are tested using 1200 fruits images, from 12 classes acquired from Fruits-360 database. The results show that combining LBP with K-NN, and SVM yields the best accuracy up to 100% and 89.44% respectively, while the accuracy of applying PCA with K-NN and SVM reached to 86.38 % and 85.83% respectively.</p>Nohadra Behnam Israel, Adnan Ismail Al-Sulaifanie, Ahmed Khorsheed Al-Sulaifanie
Copyright (c) 2024 Academic Journal of Nawroz University
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https://journals.nawroz.edu.krd/index.php/ajnu/article/view/1514Thu, 08 Feb 2024 00:00:00 +0000Procedures for International Negotiations in Settling Disputes
https://journals.nawroz.edu.krd/index.php/ajnu/article/view/1177
<p>International negotiations have a life cycle that begins with stages that precede the negotiation process and stages in which negotiations take place and require procedures that negotiators must follow and take because they are among the necessary requirements imposed by the resulting rules of negotiations. Negotiations must end with positive results or outcomes that represent the ambition of the negotiators, or negative ones through which the person conducting the negotiation realizes them. The elements for the success of any dispute settlement process used by the two parties in the future may be through other negotiations or a new method negotiated by the two parties for the purpose of resolving the conflict by virtue of the relationship that arose and lasted between them so that each party can overcome the negatives that it experienced in previous negotiations. In connection with this, the negotiations suffer from or contribute to disadvantages. In one way or another, the failure of the negotiation and failure to reach a satisfactory result requires study and knowledge for the purpose of avoiding it. Some of them are general and apply to all international negotiations, and some are specific to a specific conflict and are linked to its circumstances and specificity, which differ from one type to another.</p>Alan Jamal Muhammad
Copyright (c) 2024 Academic Journal of Nawroz University
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https://journals.nawroz.edu.krd/index.php/ajnu/article/view/1177Thu, 08 Feb 2024 00:00:00 +0000The Role of Strategic Insight in Achieving Strategic Response An Exploratory Study of The Opinions of a Sample of Administrative and Scientific Leaders in a Number of Private Universities in the Kurdistan Region-Iraq
https://journals.nawroz.edu.krd/index.php/ajnu/article/view/1827
<p>The current research aims to test the role of strategic physiognomy as an independent variable in achieving the strategic responsiveness as a dependent variable in the administrative and scientific leaders in private universities in the Kurdistan Region-Iraq. And try to come up with a set of recommendations that would contribute to enhancing the practice and adoption of the variables studied in the organizations included in the study. Based on the importance of the research topic to society and its importance to research organizations and their individuals, the exploratory analytical method was adopted in the completion of this research. The research community included the administrative and scientific leaders in private universities in the Kurdistan Region-Iraq, and the study sample consisted of (the deans, his assistants, directors of departments in the directorates in the presidency of the university, and heads of departments). Hypothesis in order to measure the nature of the correlation and influence relationship between each of its two variables: the independent (strategic physiognomy) and the dependent (strategic response). Data was collected from (189) respondents from the surveyed community by adopting a questionnaire that included (50) items. The research relied on programs (SPSS V.26) with descriptive and deductive statistical analysis methods. The main results of the research were that there were significant levels of positive correlation between the strategic physiognomy variable and the strategic responsiveness variable in the private universities surveyed, which indicates that whenever the administrative and scientific leaders possess the elements of strategic physiognomy, this will lead to Improved levels of strategic responsiveness.</p>Jagarkhin Abdullah Ali, Mehvan Sharif Youssef, Ava Omar Fattah
Copyright (c) 2024 Academic Journal of Nawroz University
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https://journals.nawroz.edu.krd/index.php/ajnu/article/view/1827Fri, 16 Feb 2024 00:00:00 +0000The Level of Wisdom and its Relationship to the Vitality of Conscience among the Students of the University of Zakho
https://journals.nawroz.edu.krd/index.php/ajnu/article/view/1161
<p>Research goal to measure:</p> <ol> <li>The level of wisdom of university students.</li> <li>The level of vitality of conscience among university students.</li> <li>The relationship between the level of wisdom and the level of vitality of conscience among the research sample</li> <li>Identify the differences in the relationship according to the following variables</li> </ol> <p><strong>Gender (males - females), specialization(scientific - humanitarian), stage(first - third), location of residence(countryside - city)</strong></p> <p>The research sample consisted of(160) male and female students from the College of Education and the Faculties of Education, and the researcher used the(Zayed, 2014) scale which consists of 33 items and six alternatives to measure the level of wisdom and a scale(Costa and Mccrea in 1999, and the rate by Al-Sultani 2005, which consists of From 40 article) to measure the vitality of the conscience, and one of the most important statistical methods is the correlation coefficient, the T-test and the z-test. The research concluded that university students have a good level in both wisdom and the vitality of conscience and there is a direct relationship between the level of wisdom and the level of vitality of conscience, and the results showed statistically significant differences in The gender variable and the stage variable in the relationship between the level of wisdom and the vitality of the conscience, while no differences appeared in both the variables of specialization and location of residence, and in light of the results, the researcher recommended a set of recommendations and suggestions.</p>Kuloud Bashir Abdel Ahad
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https://journals.nawroz.edu.krd/index.php/ajnu/article/view/1161Thu, 08 Feb 2024 00:00:00 +0000Morphological Issues in the Interpretation of Mullah Muhammad Kuyi
https://journals.nawroz.edu.krd/index.php/ajnu/article/view/1689
<p>Mullah Muhammad Koyi wrote an interpretation in the Kurdish language entitled: (Tafsir Kurdish Lih Kalami Khudawandi) The Kurdish interpretation of the words of God the Creator, in ten volumes, and included various sciences, such as (jurisprudence and its principles, doctrine, and sociology...), including the linguistic sciences to which this man resorted. The interpreter in interpreting and clarifying the verses of the Holy Qur’an, in which there is employment (lexicography, morphology, grammar, and rhetoric) to explain the purposes of the Holy Word of God.<br />This research sheds light on the morphological issues with which Mullah Muhammad Kuyi interpreted Qur’anic verses, and guided them, relying on the use of morphology, and highlighting his linguistic thought in discussing the issues addressed therein according to morphological topics. The research included titles: the meanings of formulas, rationalization and substitution, the exchange between the meanings of derivatives, and the semantics of plurals.</p>Hataw Ali Ahmed, Amir Rafiq Aula
Copyright (c) 2024 Academic Journal of Nawroz University
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https://journals.nawroz.edu.krd/index.php/ajnu/article/view/1689Thu, 01 Feb 2024 00:00:00 +0000Effect of Foliar Application by Nano and Non-Nano NPK Fertilizers on Growth, Yield and Quality of Two Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Cultivars Under Plastic House Conditions
https://journals.nawroz.edu.krd/index.php/ajnu/article/view/1590
<p>The experiment was conducted during the fall agricultural season 2021-2022 under a plastic house at the Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture Engineering Science university of Duhok, Kurdistan region, Iraq. The experiment was carried out in a split-split plot system using a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D), which included 54 treatments resulting from the combination of two cultivars of lettuce, three levels of non-nano NPK, namely (0 g, 2 g, 4 g) per liter of the recommended amount, and three levels of Nano-NPK (0 g, 2 g, 4 g) per liter of the recommended amount for three replicates, to study the effect of spraying with nano and non-nano-NPK on lettuce productivity, growth, and yield of two lettuce cultivar (Fajr and Rawaa). The results showed that the Fajr cultivar was superior to the Rawaa cultivar in (head weight, total yield, marketable yield, number of leaves per plant, chlorophyll content, nitrogen percentage, phosphor percentage, and potassium percentage), The spraying with non-nano-NPK did not show any significant difference in most of all parameters. The result appeared that a significant increase in most characteristics of vegetative growth, total yield, and yield component was with the foliar application of nano-NPK at level (4 g. l<sup>-1</sup>).</p>Jotyar Y. Sulaiman , Sanaa M.S. Rasheed
Copyright (c) 2024 Academic Journal of Nawroz University
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https://journals.nawroz.edu.krd/index.php/ajnu/article/view/1590Thu, 08 Feb 2024 00:00:00 +0000Free Overfall for Discharge Measurement in Channels of Different Shapes: A Review
https://journals.nawroz.edu.krd/index.php/ajnu/article/view/1628
<p>The end drop in open channels can be considered as a simple and useful tool for the measurement of flow rates flowing in open channels of different shapes. The depth at channel end can be related to the critical depth in the approaching channel and denoted as (EDR). The (EDR) is an essential parameter for measuring end drop discharge (EDD) in open channels. The main target of this paper is to review the previous works done on the end drop in different shapes of channels using the properties of the free end drop flow as basic criteria for the estimation of (EDR) and (EDD). Useful relationships between (EDR) and channel slope are presented which are the outcome results of previous researches done on smooth and rough open channels of different shapes (rectangular, trapezoidal, circular and triangular). Moreover, the correlations of (EDD) depending on end drop depth and characteristics of the upstream approaching channel are presented for channels of different shapes for subcritical and supercritical states of flow. Still there is no unique theoretical solution for the problem of using end depth of free drop as a key for the estimation of flow rates in open channels which needs more theoretical and experimental studies and works on this important field of research.</p>Chnen Jalal Mohammed , Bahzad Mohammad Ali Noori
Copyright (c) 2024 Academic Journal of Nawroz University
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https://journals.nawroz.edu.krd/index.php/ajnu/article/view/1628Thu, 08 Feb 2024 00:00:00 +0000