Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Single-Story Masonry Buildings in Kurdistan Region - Iraq
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25007/ajnu.v7n4a267Keywords:
Seismic Vulnerability, Fragility Curve, Unreinforced Masonry Building, Incremental Dynamic AnalysisAbstract
Although the Kurdistan Region (KR) of Iraq lies in a relatively active seismic zone, most of its buildings have not been designed to resist seismic loads. So, the need to assess the vulnerability of the building stock to damage due to seismic loads will always be a demand. The building environment in the KR had extensively utilized low-rise unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings having one- to two-stories. The single-story buildings constitute about 67% of the total buildings in the region. The study aims to assess these types of buildings (single-story URM buildings) using the analytical fragility analysis approach. For that purpose, buildings in the region were classified and a typical single-story URM building was analytically modelled in TREMURI software. Seismic characteristics of KR were reviewed and based on it, 59 un-scaled ground motion time histories were selected from all parts of the world. Using incremental dynamic analysis, time histories applied to the analytical model and fragility curves were then developed for the different states of damage. The results show that the single-story buildings in the region are highly susceptible to slight and moderate damages under seismic loads; extensive as well as the very heavy damage states are likewise expected to happen in these types of buildings especially in the eastern part of the KR.
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References
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35. Rossetto, T. and Elnashai, A. (2003), “Derivation of vulnerability functions for european-type rc structures based on observational data”, Engineering Structures, 25(10), 1241–1263.
36. Seyedi, D. M., Gehl, P., Douglas, J., Davenne, L., Mezher, N. and Ghavamian, S. (2010), “Development of seismic fragility surfaces for reinforced concrete buildings by means of nonlinear time‐history analysis”, Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 39(1), 91-108.
37. Shome, N., Cornell, C. A., Bazzurro, P. and Carballo, J. E. (1998), “Earthquakes, records, and nonlinear responses”, Earthquake Spectra, 14(3), 469-500.
38. Tomazevic, M. (2007), “Damage as a measure for earthquake resistant design of masonry structures: Slovenian experience,” Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 34(11), 1403-1412.
39. Vamvatsikos, D. and Cornell, C. (2002), “Incremental dynamic analysis”, Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 31(3), 491-514.
40. Villaverde, R. (2007), “Methods to assess the seismic collapse capacity of building structures: State of the art”, Journal of Structural Engineering, 133(1), 57-66.
41. Wong, K. K. and Wang, Y. (2001), “Energy‐based damage assessment on structures during earthquakes”, The Structural Design of Tall Buildings, 10(2), 135-154.
42. Yaseen, A. A. (2015), Seismic fragility assessment of masonry buildings in the Kurdistan region(Doctoral Thesis).University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK.
2. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). (2000), Prestandard and commentary for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings”, FEMA-356, Washington, D.C.
3. ASTM C140 (2006), Standard test methods for sampling and testing concrete masonry units and related units, American Society for Testing and Materials International, West Conshohocken.
4. ATC (1985), Earthquake damage evaluation data for California, Applied Technology Council, California.
5. Bommer, J. J. and Acevedo, A. B. (2004), “The use of real earthquake accelerograms as input to dynamic analysis”, Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 8(S1), 43-91.
6. BRC (1997), Iraqi seismic code requirements for buildings 2/97, Building Research Centre, Baghdad.
Calvi, G. M. (1999), "A displacement-based approach for vulnerability evaluation of classes of buildings", Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 3(3), 411-438.
7. Calvi, G. M., Pinho, R., Magenes, G., Bommer, J. J., Restrepo-Vélez, L. F. and Crowley, H. (2006), “Development of seismic vulnerability assessment methodologies over the past 30 years”, ISET Journal of Earthquake Technology, 43(3), 75-104.
8. CEN (2003), Eurocode 8 - Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance, Part 1: General rules, sesmic action, and rules for buildings (Report), European Union, European Committee for Standardization, Brussels.
9. CEN (2005), Eurocode 6 - Design of masonry structures - part 1-1: General rules for reinforced and unreinforced masonry structures (Report), European Union, European Committee for Standardization, Brussels.
10. Central Statistical Organization (2011), Buildings, dwelling and establishment census and households listing, Enumeration and listing report (Report no. 1, buildings, dwelling and households- national level), CSO, Baghdad.
11. Chiou, B., Darragh, R., Gregor, N. and Silva, W. (2008), “NGA project strong-motion database” Earthquake Spectra, 24(1), 23-44.
12. Coburn, A. and Spence, R. (2002), Earthquake Protection, (2nd Edition), Wiley, West Sussex, UK.
13. Cornell, C., Jalayer, F., Hamburger, R. and Foutch, D. (2002), “Probabilistic basis for 2000 SAC federal emergency management agency steel moment frame guidelines”, Journal of Structural Engineering, 128(4), 526-533.
14. Dhakal, R. P., Singh, S. and Mander, J. B. (2007), “Effectiveness of earthquake selection and scaling method in New Zealand”, Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, 40(3), 160-171.
15. Erbay, O. O. (2007), A methodology to assess seismic risk for populations of unreinforced masonry buildings (Report 07-10), Mid-America Earthquake Center, Urbana.
16. FEMA (1999), HAZUS99 user and technical manuals (Report: HAZUS 1999), Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, D.C.
17. FEMA (2003), HAZUS-MH MR3 technical manual, Department of Homeland Security, Emergency Preparedness and Response Directorate, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, D.C.
18. FEMA 274-ASCE (1997), FEMA 274-NEHRP commentary on the NEHRP guidelines for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings, Federal Emergency Management Agency-ASCE, Washington, D.C.
19. Gehl, P., Douglas, J. and Seyedi, D. (2013a), “Influence of the number of dynamic analyses on the accuracy of structural response estimates”, Earthq Spectra, doi: 10.1193/102912eqs320m.
20. Gehl, P., Seyedi, D. M. and Douglas, J. (2013b), “Vector-valued fragility functions for seismic risk evaluation”, Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 11(2), 365-384.
21. Gru¨nthal, G. (Editor). (1998), European Macroseismic Scale 1998 (EMS-98), Cahiers du Centre Europe´en de Ge´odynamique et de Se´ismologie, 15, Luxembourg.
22. Hancock, J., Watson-Lamprey, J., Abrahamson, N., BOMMER∗, J., Markatis, A., McCOYH, E. and Mendis, R. (2006), “An improved method of matching response spectra of recorded earthquake ground motion using wavelets”, Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 10(S1), 67-89.
23. Idriss, I. M. (1991), Selection of earthquake ground motions at rock sites, Report prepared for the Structures Division, Building and Fire Re-search Laboratory, NIST.
24. Iervolino, I. and Manfredi, G. (2008), “A review of ground motion record selection strategies for dynamic structural analysis”, Modern Testing Techniques for Structural Systems, Springer, Vienna, 131-163.
25. IQS No. 1077/1987 (1987), Load-bearing concrete masonry units, Iraqi specifications, Baghdad.
26. Lagomarsino, S., Penna, A. and Galasco, A. (2006), “TREMURI program: Seismic analysis program for 3D masonry buildings”, University of Genoa, Available at: http://www.stadata.com/ (accessed 20 May 2013).
27. Liao, W. I., Loh, C. H. and Tsai, K. C. (2006), “Study on the fragility of building structures in Taiwan” Natural hazards, 37(1-2), 55-69.
28. Milutinovic, Z. and Trendafiloski, G. (2003), WP4 Vulnerability of current buildings, Risk-UE: An advanced approach to earthquake risk scenarios with applications to different European towns, European Commission, Contract No. EVK4-CT-2000-00014.
29. NIBS (1999), HAZUS 99 earthquake loss estimation methodology (Technical manual), National Institute of Building Science, Washington, D.C.
30. Nielson, B. G. and DesRoches, R. (2007), “Seismic fragility methodology for highway bridges using a component level approach”, Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 36(6), 823-839.
31. Park, J., Powashiraporn, P., Craig, J. I. and Goodno, B. J. (2009), “Seismic fragility analysis of low-rise unreinforced masonry structures”, Engineering Structures, 31(1), 125-137.
32. Park, Y. J. and Ang, A. H. S. (1985), “Mechanistic seismic damage model for reinforced concrete”, Journal of Structural Engineering, 111(4), 722-739.
33. Porter, K. (2003), Seismic vulnerability, in W. F. Chen and C. Scawthorn (Editors), Earthquake Engineering Handbook, CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA.
34. Rodriguez, M. E. and Aristizabal, J. C. (1999), “Evaluation of a seismic damage parameter”, Earthquake engineering & structural dynamics, 28(5), 463-477.
35. Rossetto, T. and Elnashai, A. (2003), “Derivation of vulnerability functions for european-type rc structures based on observational data”, Engineering Structures, 25(10), 1241–1263.
36. Seyedi, D. M., Gehl, P., Douglas, J., Davenne, L., Mezher, N. and Ghavamian, S. (2010), “Development of seismic fragility surfaces for reinforced concrete buildings by means of nonlinear time‐history analysis”, Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 39(1), 91-108.
37. Shome, N., Cornell, C. A., Bazzurro, P. and Carballo, J. E. (1998), “Earthquakes, records, and nonlinear responses”, Earthquake Spectra, 14(3), 469-500.
38. Tomazevic, M. (2007), “Damage as a measure for earthquake resistant design of masonry structures: Slovenian experience,” Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 34(11), 1403-1412.
39. Vamvatsikos, D. and Cornell, C. (2002), “Incremental dynamic analysis”, Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 31(3), 491-514.
40. Villaverde, R. (2007), “Methods to assess the seismic collapse capacity of building structures: State of the art”, Journal of Structural Engineering, 133(1), 57-66.
41. Wong, K. K. and Wang, Y. (2001), “Energy‐based damage assessment on structures during earthquakes”, The Structural Design of Tall Buildings, 10(2), 135-154.
42. Yaseen, A. A. (2015), Seismic fragility assessment of masonry buildings in the Kurdistan region(Doctoral Thesis).University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK.
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Published
2018-12-08
How to Cite
Yaseen, A. A., & Ahmed, M. S. (2018). Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Single-Story Masonry Buildings in Kurdistan Region - Iraq. Academic Journal of Nawroz University, 7(4), 18–26. https://doi.org/10.25007/ajnu.v7n4a267
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