Molecular Classification of the Earthworm Aporrectodea trapezoids and the Effect of Sodium Nitroprusside and Norepinephrine on the Contractility of Crop and Gizzard Smooth Muscle
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25007/ajnu.v10n2a1093Keywords:
Keywords: Molecular Classification, Earthworm, Aporrectodea trapezoids. SNP, NE Crop-Gizzard, Smooth Muscle CellsAbstract
Background: Earthworms are considered as one of the ecologically important invertebrates with highly cryptic genetic diversity. Since the morphological methods of classification are unprecise, it is necessary to classify the species depending on molecular bases using PCR techniques. In addition, studying the effect of some agonists such as Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and Norepinephrine (NE) on the smooth muscle of earthworm is yet poorly studied.
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References
Aira, M., Monroy, F., & Domínguez, J. (2007). Microbial biomass governs enzyme activity decay during aging of worm‐worked substrates through vermicomposting. Journal of Environmental Quality, 36(2), 448-452.
Chang, C. H., Rougerie, R., & Chen, J. H. (2009). Identifying earthworms through DNA barcodes: Pitfalls and promise. Pedobiologia, 52(3), 171-180.
Frederick, J., & Eichinger, D. (2004). Entamoeba invadens contains the components of a classical adrenergic signaling system. Molecular and biochemical parasitology, 137(2), 339-343.
Grizelj Ivana, Ana Čavka, Shane A. Phillips. (2014). Vascular dysfunction and exercise. Periodicum Biologorum, 116(1), 15–19.
Hebert, P. D., Cywinska, A., Ball, S. L., & Dewaard, J. R. (2003). Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 270(1512), 313-321.
Huang, J., Xu, Q., Sun, Z. J., Tang, G. L., & Su, Z. Y. (2007). Identifying earthworms through DNA barcodes. Pedobiologia, 51(4), 301-309.
Katsvairo, T. W., Wright, D. L., Marois, J. J., Hartzog, D. L., Balkcom, K. B., Wiatrak, P. P., & Rich, J. R. (2007). Cotton roots, earthworms, and infiltration characteristics in sod–peanut–cotton cropping systems. Agronomy Journal, 99(2), 390-398.
Khalil, S. S. (2016). The Relaxant Effect of NO, CO and their Time Dependent Interactions on Rat’s Aortic Rings with a Special Emphasis on the Role of Ca2+ and K+ Channels. Thesis Submitted to the Council of the Faculty of Science at University of Zakho.
Krajniak, K. G., & Klohr, R. W. (1999). The effects of FMRFamide, serotonin, and acetylcholine on the isolated crop-gizzard of the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 123(4), 409-415.
Krishnamoorthy, R. V., & Vajranabhaiah, S. N. (1986). Biological activity of earthworm casts: an assessment of plant growth promotor levels in the casts. Proceedings: Animal Sciences, 95(3), 341-351.
Motulsky, H. (2015). Essential biostatistics: a nonmathematical approach. Oxford University Press.
Pop, A.A., Wink, M., Pop, V.V. (2003). Use of 18S, 16S rDNA and cytochrome c oxidase sequences in earthworm taxonomy (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae). Pedobiologia 47, 428–433.
Qadir, A.B., (2012). Modulation of aortic potassium channels activity by gasotransmitters signaling. Ph.D. thesis. Zakho University. Kurdistan region-Iraq
Qiu, J.P., 1999. Earthworms and their application in environment protection. I. Earthworms and their functions in ecosystem. J. Shanghai Agri. Coll. 17,227-232.
Shen, H.P., Tsai, C.F., Tsai, S.C., 2003. Six new earthworms of the genus Amynthas (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from central Taiwan. Zool. Stud. 42, 479–490
Sulbarán, G., Alamo, L., Pinto, A., Márquez, G., Méndez, F., Padrón, R., & Craig, R. (2015). An invertebrate smooth muscle with striated muscle myosin filaments. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(42), E5660-E5668.
Tonelli, A. R., Haserodt, S., Aytekin, M., & Dweik, R. A. (2013). Nitric oxide deficiency in pulmonary hypertension: Pathobiology and implications for therapy. Pulmonary circulation, 3(1), 20-30.
Tsai, C.F., Tsai, S.C., Liaw, G.J., 2000. Two new species of protandric pheretimoid earthworms belonging to the genus Metaphire (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) from Taiwan. J. Nat. Hist. 34, 1731–1741.
Volkov, E. M., Nurullin, L. F., Nikol'skii, E. E., & Blokhina, G. I. (2001). Effects of Norepinephrine and Epinephrine on Resting Membrane Potential in Body Wall Muscle Cells of Lumbricus Terrestris Eearthworm. Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine, 132(3), 821-823.
Volkov, M. E., Petrov, A. M., Volkov, E. M., & Zefirov, A. L. (2011). Study of the vesicular cycle in nerve structures in somatic muscle of earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris). Cell and Tissue Biology, 5(6), 612-618.
Yu, X., Bates, J. B., Jellison Jr, G. E., & Hart, F. X. (1997). A stable thin‐film lithium electrolyte: lithium phosphorus oxynitride. Journal of the electrochemical society, 144(2), 524.
Aira, M., Monroy, F., & Domínguez, J. (2007). Microbial biomass governs enzyme activity decay during aging of worm‐worked substrates through vermicomposting. Journal of Environmental Quality, 36(2), 448-452.
Chang, C. H., Rougerie, R., & Chen, J. H. (2009). Identifying earthworms through DNA barcodes: Pitfalls and promise. Pedobiologia, 52(3), 171-180.
Frederick, J., & Eichinger, D. (2004). Entamoeba invadens contains the components of a classical adrenergic signaling system. Molecular and biochemical parasitology, 137(2), 339-343.
Grizelj Ivana, Ana Čavka, Shane A. Phillips. (2014). Vascular dysfunction and exercise. Periodicum Biologorum, 116(1), 15–19.
Hebert, P. D., Cywinska, A., Ball, S. L., & Dewaard, J. R. (2003). Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 270(1512), 313-321.
Huang, J., Xu, Q., Sun, Z. J., Tang, G. L., & Su, Z. Y. (2007). Identifying earthworms through DNA barcodes. Pedobiologia, 51(4), 301-309.
Katsvairo, T. W., Wright, D. L., Marois, J. J., Hartzog, D. L., Balkcom, K. B., Wiatrak, P. P., & Rich, J. R. (2007). Cotton roots, earthworms, and infiltration characteristics in sod–peanut–cotton cropping systems. Agronomy Journal, 99(2), 390-398.
Khalil, S. S. (2016). The Relaxant Effect of NO, CO and their Time Dependent Interactions on Rat’s Aortic Rings with a Special Emphasis on the Role of Ca2+ and K+ Channels. Thesis Submitted to the Council of the Faculty of Science at University of Zakho.
Krajniak, K. G., & Klohr, R. W. (1999). The effects of FMRFamide, serotonin, and acetylcholine on the isolated crop-gizzard of the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 123(4), 409-415.
Krishnamoorthy, R. V., & Vajranabhaiah, S. N. (1986). Biological activity of earthworm casts: an assessment of plant growth promotor levels in the casts. Proceedings: Animal Sciences, 95(3), 341-351.
Motulsky, H. (2015). Essential biostatistics: a nonmathematical approach. Oxford University Press.
Pop, A.A., Wink, M., Pop, V.V. (2003). Use of 18S, 16S rDNA and cytochrome c oxidase sequences in earthworm taxonomy (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae). Pedobiologia 47, 428–433.
Qadir, A.B., (2012). Modulation of aortic potassium channels activity by gasotransmitters signaling. Ph.D. thesis. Zakho University. Kurdistan region-Iraq
Qiu, J.P., 1999. Earthworms and their application in environment protection. I. Earthworms and their functions in ecosystem. J. Shanghai Agri. Coll. 17,227-232.
Shen, H.P., Tsai, C.F., Tsai, S.C., 2003. Six new earthworms of the genus Amynthas (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from central Taiwan. Zool. Stud. 42, 479–490
Sulbarán, G., Alamo, L., Pinto, A., Márquez, G., Méndez, F., Padrón, R., & Craig, R. (2015). An invertebrate smooth muscle with striated muscle myosin filaments. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(42), E5660-E5668.
Tonelli, A. R., Haserodt, S., Aytekin, M., & Dweik, R. A. (2013). Nitric oxide deficiency in pulmonary hypertension: Pathobiology and implications for therapy. Pulmonary circulation, 3(1), 20-30.
Tsai, C.F., Tsai, S.C., Liaw, G.J., 2000. Two new species of protandric pheretimoid earthworms belonging to the genus Metaphire (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) from Taiwan. J. Nat. Hist. 34, 1731–1741.
Volkov, E. M., Nurullin, L. F., Nikol'skii, E. E., & Blokhina, G. I. (2001). Effects of Norepinephrine and Epinephrine on Resting Membrane Potential in Body Wall Muscle Cells of Lumbricus Terrestris Eearthworm. Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine, 132(3), 821-823.
Volkov, M. E., Petrov, A. M., Volkov, E. M., & Zefirov, A. L. (2011). Study of the vesicular cycle in nerve structures in somatic muscle of earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris). Cell and Tissue Biology, 5(6), 612-618.
Yu, X., Bates, J. B., Jellison Jr, G. E., & Hart, F. X. (1997). A stable thin‐film lithium electrolyte: lithium phosphorus oxynitride. Journal of the electrochemical society, 144(2), 524.
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Published
2021-06-24
How to Cite
A.M. Al-Habib, O., & M.S. Othman, N. (2021). Molecular Classification of the Earthworm Aporrectodea trapezoids and the Effect of Sodium Nitroprusside and Norepinephrine on the Contractility of Crop and Gizzard Smooth Muscle. Academic Journal of Nawroz University, 10(2), 220–226. https://doi.org/10.25007/ajnu.v10n2a1093
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