A Improvement of Erbil City Environment and Increasing Irrigated Areas through Simulated Hydraulic Design from Greater-Zab River Water

Authors

  • Sarwah Othman Ismael Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Salahaddin University–Erbil, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.
  • Shuokr Qarani Aziz Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Salahaddin University–Erbil, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.
  • Bahar Mohammed Ahmed Department of Water Resources Engineering, College of Engineering, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.
  • Ali Abdulwahed Mahmod Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Salahaddin University–Erbil, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25007/ajnu.v12n4a1656

Abstract

Climate change, drought years, industrialization and oil production, investment, increase number of vehicles, air-conditioning systems, private electric generators and projects impacted on the Erbil City Environment. Green and planted areas were decreased; while desertification, groundwater problem and temperature increased. The objectives of the present research were to improve environment, increasing irrigated, groundwater table and tourist areas, and decreasing flood in Erbil City.  To conduct the research, design of pumping station, pipe lines, ponds and artificial channels for conveying raw water from Greater-Zab River (GZR) to the surrounded areas of Erbil City was studied. Surveying data were collected through site visits to the selected areas. Hydraulics design for the pumping station, pipe line, ponds and the channels were carried out.  Prosed discharge was 0.8 m3/s. Results revealed that the ponds can store 9000 m3 of the water and the best cross-section for the channels were 1.5 m Width and 1 m depth. The proposed hydraulic channels can irrigate 16 donums of the land. It can be concluded that design of ponds and channels surrounded to Erbil City decrease temperature, groundwater and flood problems, and desertification. On the other hand, the proposed design enhances environmental conditions, irrigated lands, and tourist.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abbas, N., Wasimi, S.A. and Al-Ansari, N., 2016. Climate change impacts on water resources of Greater Zab River, Iraq. Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, 10(12), pp.1384-1402.

Adamo, N., Al-Ansari, N., Sissakian, V.K., Knutsson, S. and Laue, J., 2018. Climate change: consequences on Iraq’s environment. Journal of earth sciences and geotechnical engineering, 8(3), pp.43-58.

Al Murib, M., 2018. Hydrodynamic and water quality modeling of the Tigris River system in Iraq using CE-QUAL-W2 (Doctoral dissertation, Portland State University).

Al-Ansari, N., Abbas, N., Laue, J. and Knutsson, S., 2021. Water scarcity: problems and possible solutions. Journal of Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering, 11(2), pp.243-312.

ALI, L.A. & JIWAR, H.J. 2007. Community structure of benthic invertebrate in Greater Zab river/ Iraq. The 1st Conference of Biology (Sept. 2007). J. Educ. and Sci. of Mosul Univ. 20(2):38-46.

AL-NAQSHBANDI, L.M.A. 2002. Limnological studies on the water treatment plant in Efraz, Erbil, Iraqi Kurdistan Region. Iraq. M.Sc. Thesis, Univ. of Salahaddin - Erbil.Iraq.

Azez, P.I., 2013. Effect of Some Pollutants on the Environment of Erbil City. In E3S Web of Conferences (Vol. 1). EDP Sciences.

AZIZ, S. Q. 2004. Seasonal variation of some physical and chemical properties of water and wastewater in Erbil city. J. of Duhok University–Scientific and Academic, 7, 76-88.

AZIZ, S. Q. 2008. Monitoring Variation of Some Water Quality Parameters of Greater-Zab River at Ifraz Station during Fourteen Months. J. of Zanco, 20.

Aziz, S.Q., 2006. ‘Assessment of Greater-Zab river water quality at Ifraz station for drinking and irrigation purposes. J. of Zanco, Salahaddin University-Erbil, 18(3), pp.131-144.

AZIZ, S.Q. 2000. Treatment of Greater Zab water by rapid filteration. M.Sc. Thesis. Univ. of Salahaddin - Erbil.Iraq.

Aziz, S.Q. and Fakhrey, E.S.A., 2016. The effect of kawergosk oil refinery wastewater on surrounding water resources. Zanco-Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, Salahaddin University-Erbil, 28(2), pp.656-667.

Aziz, S.Q. and Mustafa, J.S., 2021. Step-By-Step Design and Calculations for Water Treatment Plant Units: A Recent Study. Modern Advances in Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Vol. 4, pp.45-67.

Bedient, P.B., Huber, W.C. and Vieux, B.E., 2008. Hydrology and floodplain analysis (Vol. 816). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Directorate of water in Erbil City (DOW, 2017). Ministry of Municipality and Tourism. KRG-Iraq.

Hanna, N.S. and Shekha, Y.A., 2015. Using aquatic insects in water quality assessment of some branches of Greater Zab River within Erbil city, Iraqi Kurdistan Region. American International Journal of Research in Formal, Applied and Natural Sciences, (11), pp.18-22.

Holsen, J., 1984. The Development of Survey Instruments. The International Hydrographic Review.

KHOSHNAW, A.R. and KARPUZCU, M., 2018. Optimisation of multipurpose reservoir operation-Bekhme dam greater Zab river basin, Erbil governorate and Duhok governorate-Iraq. Polytechnic Journal, 8(1).

Labadie, J.W., 2004. Optimal operation of multireservoir systems: State-of-the-art review. Journal of water resources planning and management, 130(2), pp.93-111.

Miao, Q., Shi, H., Gonçalves, J.M. and Pereira, L.S., 2018. Basin irrigation design with multi-criteria analysis focusing on water saving and economic returns: Application to wheat in Hetao, Yellow River Basin. Water, 10(1), p.67.

Omar, I.A. and Aziz, S.Q., 2021. Optimization of ACH coagulant, settling time and powdered activated carbon as coagulant aid with economic analysis.

P. I. Azez 2013. Effect of Some Pollutants on the Environment of Erbil City, E3S Web of Conferences 1, 41014.

Pereira, L.S., 1999. Higher performance through combined improvements in irrigation methods and scheduling: a discussion. Agricultural Water Management, 40(2-3), pp.153-169.

Shareef, K.M. and Kafia, M., 2008. Natural and drinking water quality in Erbil, Kurdistan. Current World Environment, 3(2), p.227.

Sharef, A.J. and Dara, R.N., 2021. Greater Zab River Basin planning (2050). Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 52(5), pp.1150-1162.

Shekha, Y.A., 2008. The effect of Erbil city wastewater discharge on water quality of Greater Zab river, and the risks of irrigation. PhD, university of Baghdad.

Streeter, V.L., Wylie, E.B., Bedford, K.W. and Saldarriaga, J.G., 1988. Mecánica de los fluidos (Vol. 7). Colombia: McGraw-Hill.

Subramanya, K. and Sahu, S.K., 1991. Partial Flow in Standard Lined Channels. Irrigation and Power Journal, 48(3), pp.91-110.

Subramanya, K., 2009. Flow in open channels. Tata McGraw-Hill Education.

Tejada‐Guibert, J.A., Johnson, S.A. and Stedinger, J.R., 1993. Comparison of two approaches for implementing multireservoir operating policies derived using stochastic dynamic programming. Water resources research, 29(12), pp.3969-3980.

TOMA, J. J. 2013. Evaluating Raw and treated water quality of Greater Zab River within Erbil city by index analysis.

Walker, D., Entine, L. and Kummer, S., 2002. Pavement surface evaluation and rating. Asphalt PASER manual. Transportation Information Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.

WHO 2011. Guidelines for drinking-water quality. WHO chronicle, 38, 104-8.

Wolters, W., 1992. Influences on the efficiency of irrigation water use.

https://www.worldweatheronline.com/erbil-weather-averages/arbil/iq.aspx [Accessed on June 6, 2022]

Downloads

Published

2023-11-25

How to Cite

Othman Ismael, S., Qarani Aziz , S. ., Mohammed Ahmed , B. ., & Abdulwahed Mahmod , A. . (2023). A Improvement of Erbil City Environment and Increasing Irrigated Areas through Simulated Hydraulic Design from Greater-Zab River Water. Academic Journal of Nawroz University, 12(4), 752–777. https://doi.org/10.25007/ajnu.v12n4a1656

Issue

Vol. 12 No. 4 (2023)

Section

Articles

License

Copyright (c) 2023 Academic Journal of Nawroz University

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Authors retain copyright

The use of a Creative Commons License enables authors/editors to retain copyright to their work. Publications can be reused and redistributed as long as the original author is correctly attributed.

 

  1. Copyright

 

  1. The researcher(s), whether a single or joint research paper, must sell and transfer to the publisher (the Academic Journal of Nawroz University) through all the duration of the publication which starts from the date of entering this Agreement into force, the exclusive rights of the research paper/article. These rights include the translation, reuse of papers/articles, transmit or distribute, or use the material or parts(s) contained therein to be published in scientific, academic, technical, professional journals or any other periodicals including any other works derived from them, all over the world, in English and Arabic, whether in print or in electronic edition of such journals and periodicals in all types of media or formats now or that may exist in the future. Rights also include giving license (or granting permission) to a third party to use the materials and any other works derived from them and publish them in such journals and periodicals all over the world. Transfer right under this Agreement includes the right to modify such materials to be used with computer systems and software, or to reproduce or publish it in e-formats and also to incorporate them into retrieval systems.

 

  1. Reproduction, reference, transmission, distribution or any other use of the content, or any parts of the subjects included in that content in any manner permitted by this Agreement, must be accompanied by mentioning the source which is (the Academic Journal of Nawroz University) and the publisher in addition to the title of the article, the name of the author (or co-authors), journal’s name, volume or issue, publisher's copyright, and publication year.

 

  1. The Academic Journal of Nawroz University reserves all rights to publish research papers/articles issued under a “Creative Commons License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction of the paper/article by any means, provided that the original work is correctly cited.

 

  1. Reservation of Rights

The researcher(s) preserves all intellectual property rights (except for the one transferred to the publisher under this Agreement).

  1. Researcher’s guarantee

The researcher(s) hereby guarantees that the content of the paper/article is original. It has been submitted only to the Academic Journal of Nawroz University and has not been previously published by any other party.

In the event that the paper/article is written jointly with other researchers, the researcher guarantees that he/she has informed the other co-authors about the terms of this agreement, as well as obtaining their signature or written permission to sign on their behalf.

The author further guarantees:

  • The research paper/article does not contain any defamatory statements or illegal comments.
  • The research paper/article does not violate other's rights (including but not limited to copyright, patent, and trademark rights).

This research paper/article does not contain any facts or instructions that could cause damages or harm to others, and publishing it does not lead to disclosure of any confidential information.