Iraqi Criminal Recidivism Policy Reform

Authors

  • Sultan Ahmed Taro Law School, University of Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
  • Abdal Muhammed Qadir Duhok Polytechnic University, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25007/ajnu.v12n2a1767

Abstract

When a person commits one or more crimes, after s/he has been finally convicted for previous crime is known as recidivist. While many studies have been conducted focusing on the factors that contribute of recidivism attempting to reduce it, this research focuses on the criminal policy approach as a tool to desist criminal from reoffending.   The first part of this research focuses on the concept of recidivism, types and legal provisions that governs recidivism with clarifying Iraqi penal code(IPC) and juvenile's welfare act (IJWA) adoption approach. The second part attempts to provide a reform of the Iraqi criminal recidivism policy by adopting temporary recidivism type instead of permanent in which empower self-rehabilitation concept of criminals. 

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Aḥmad Ḥabib Al-Sammak (1985). The phenomenon of recidivism, Kuwait University.

Abbas Al-Hasani,(1969-1970). Explanation of modern criminal law, Al-Azhar Press, Baghdad.

Abboud Al-Sarraj.(1992) Comparative Penal Legislation in Islamic Jurisprudence and Syrian Law, Damascus University,

Abdullah Suleiman, Explanation of the Algerian Penal Code, Part One "Crime", seventh edition, DMJ, Central Square, Ben Aknoun, Algeria, 2009, pp. 114_117.

Ahmed Ali Badawi, (2017) The provisions of the recidivism in the Roman law, a fundamental analytical study, the law and economic journal

Ali Hussein Al-Khalaf(1954). The Multiplicity of Crimes and Its Impact on Punishment, first edition, Dar Al-Fikr Al-Arabi.

Ali Hussein al-Khalaf, Sultan Abdul Qadir al-Shawi.(2015) General principles of criminal law, edition one , Dar Al-Sanhouri for Legal and Political Sciences

Anon, (2011). [online] Available at: https://marisluste.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/recidivism.pdf [Accessed 19 Apr. 2020].

Bar, L. von (1916). A History of Continental Criminal Law.. Little, Brown.

Connor, O. (2021). Recidivism in America. Student Publications, Presentations, and Projects. [online] Available at: https://spiral.lynn.edu/studentpubs/69/. doi:10.1177/0306624x211013521.

Dressler, J., R, Frank and Michaels, A.C. (2012). Understanding criminal law. New Providence, Nj: Lexisnexis.

Fakhri Abdel-Razzaq.( 2010) Explanation of the Penal Code, General Section, 2 Edition, , Al-Atak, Cairo.

Gove, P. B. (1993). Webster's third new international dictionary of the English language, unabridged. Springfield, Mass., Merriam-Webster.

Introductory Handbook on the Prevention of Recidivism and the Social Reintegration of Offenders CRIMINAL JUSTICE HANDBOOK SERIES. (n.d.)., (2012), New York.

Jehan A. Teli, (2022) Spatial Analysis Of Juvenile Delinquency In Dohuk Governorate (2011-2020) (Study In The Geography Of Crime), A thesis submitted to the Council of the College of humanities- University of Duhok

Johnson, J. (n.d.). Comparison of Recidivism Studies: AOUSC, USSC, and BJS. 52 FEDERAL PROBATION, [online] 81(1). Available at: https://www.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/81_1_6_0.pdf [Accessed 26 Apr. 2022].

Klingele, C. (2019). Measuring Change: From Rates of Recidivism to Markers of Measuring Change: From Rates of Recidivism to Markers of Desistance Desistance. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, [online] 109. Available at: https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7658&context=jclc.

Klingele, C.M. (2013). Rethinking the Use of Community Supervision. SSRN Electronic Journal, [online] 103(4). doi:10.2139/ssrn.2232078.

M., H. (1956). Third International Congress on Criminology: London, 12th — 18th September, 1955. The British Journal of Delinquency, [online] 6(3), pp.222–227. Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/23640677 [Accessed 10 Jan. 2023].

Mostafa. Kamel, (1949). Explanation of the Iraqi criminal law, Al-Maarif Press, Baghdad

Muhammad Ali Al-Salem. (2011) explanation of general criminal law, Publisher: Dar Al Thaqafa for Publishing and Distribution.

Mustafa Abdel Mohsen , Hani Mustafa. (2012) Principles of Punishment Aggravating Circumstances, dar al-nahtha al-rabiya.

Nagin, D.S. (2013). Deterrence in the Twenty-First Century. Crime and Justice, [online] 42(1). doi:10.1086/670398.

Ramesses Behnam (1970), Criminology, Part One, 1970

Skustad, C. (2020). The Relationship Between Incarceration and Recidivism Rates. [online] Available at: https://www.csustan.edu/sites/default/files/groups/University%20Honors%20Program/Journals_two/dis_skustad_connor_final_hons-2.pdf.

Victor, G.A., Comartin, E., Willis, T. and Kubiak, S. (2021). Factors of Recidivism among Individuals with Co-occurring Conditions in Rural Mental Health Jail Interventions. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, p.0306624X2110135.

Zimring, F.E. (2000) „Penal proportionality for the Young Offender: Notes on Immaturity, Capacity, and diminished responsibility‟ in Grisso, T. & Schwart, R.G. (eds.)

Iraqi Penal Code No. 111 of 1969 (IPC)

Iraqi Criminal Procedure Code No. 23 of 1971(ICPC)

Iraqi Juvenile Welfare Act No. 76 of 1983 (IJWA)

Iraqi fines Law amendment act No. (6) 2010.

Juvenile delinquency in Lebanon law N0.422 2002

Juvenile delinquency in Egypt No. 31 1974

Revolutionary Command Council Resolution No. 997 of 7/30/1978. 35. 35. Law No. 14 of 2001 of the Law Determining the Age of Criminal Responsibility in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq.

Published

2023-05-14

How to Cite

Ahmed Taro, S., & Muhammed Qadir, A. (2023). Iraqi Criminal Recidivism Policy Reform. Academic Journal of Nawroz University, 12(2), 236–244. https://doi.org/10.25007/ajnu.v12n2a1767

Issue

Section

Articles